Acknowledgements
Introduction: The Ethical Archaeology of Justice in Marx
Dialectic between the Ancients and the Moderns: Natural Law and Natural Rights
1 Natural Law and Natural Rights in Locke: Indifference and Incoherence of Liberalism
Thomas Hobbes and the State of Nature and War
Richard Hooker and the Laws of Nature and Ecclesiastical Polity
Locke on Natural Rights and Natural Law
Ethics and Structure in Natural Law
Natural Law Limits to Natural Rights in the Original State of Nature
Eclipse of Natural Law and Social Justice in the Second State of Nature
Irrelevance of Natural Law, Incoherence of Liberalism, and the Return to Hobbes
2 Justice Beyond Liberalism: Natural Law and the Ethical Community in Hegel
Early Theological Writings and Dreams of Classical Antiquity in Hegel
Hegel’s Natural Law and Critique of Liberalism and Natural Rights
Social Ethics and Integration of Natural Law and Natural Rights
Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Law, and the State as Objective Spirit
Formation of the Ethical Life in the Family, Civil Society, and the State
Marx’s Critique of Hegel and the Revival of Classical Democracy in Spinoza and Rousseau
Ethics, Virtue, and Natural Law in Marx
3 Civil and Legal Justice: Integrating Natural Rights and Natural Law
Religious Prejudice, Judaism, and Civil Rights
Natural Rights as Ideology and Alienation
Transition of Politics from Pure Ideology to Human Rights and Emancipation
Critique of Liberal Democracy and Contradictions between Economic and Political Rights
Marx’s Theory of Emancipation and Human Rights
Natural Rights of Free Press and Universal Suffrage
4 Workplace Justice: Ethics, Virtue, and Human Freedom
Alienation and the Virtue of Work and Self-Determination
Work as Productive Life and Creative Beauty
Ethics, Human Needs, and Natural Law
Virtue and Late Medieval Thomistic Natural Law
5 Ecological Justice: Historical Materialism and the Dialectic of Nature and Society
Alienation of Production, Labour, and Nature
Dialectic of Nature and the Alienation of Consciousness
Natural Science as the Objectification and Social Praxis of Species Being
Science as Objectivity and Alienation
Social Metabolism, Contradictions, and Ecological Crises
Social Justice and the Natural Laws of Ethics and Ecology
Structures of Democracy, Economy, and Social Justice in Marx
6 Distributive Justice: Justice of Consumption, Economic Redistribution, and Social Reciprocity
Labour, Nature, and Society in the Gotha Program
Equality, Fair Distribution, and the Public Expenses of Production
Distribution, Fairness, and the Means of Social Consumption
Socialism, Self-Realisation, and Human Need
Critique of Reformist and Vulgar Socialism – Happiness without Meaning
7 Political Justice: Ethics and the Good Life of Democratic Socialism
Franco-Prussian War and the Formation of the Paris Commune of 1871
Dismantling the Old State and Rise of Political Democracy in the Commune
Organisation of Labour and Economic Democracy
‘Declaration to the French People’ and the Social Programmes of the Commune
Marx, Lincoln, and the Human Emancipation from Racial and Wage Slavery
8 Economic Justice: Ethics, Production, and the Critique of Chrematistics and Political Economy
Commodities, Exchange, and the Labour Theory of Value
Labour Power, Surplus Value, and the Alienation of Chrematistic Production
Natural Law of Contradictions, Crises, and Capital
Natural Law of Justice and Natural Law of Value
Bibliography
Index
