Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1 Michel Pêcheux (1938–1983)
Semantic scientificity – linguistic phenomena – domain of linguistics – sentence formation – epistemological obstacles – everyday language – ideological phenomena – realization of the real – self-evident meaning – social science – non-subjective theory of subjectivity – semantic self-evidence – syntactic recognition – philosophical hermeneutics – scientific practice – co-reference
2 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)
Theoretical ideologies – Saussure’s rupture – speech sounds – linguistic co-ordination – social psychology – language and speech – ideological mis/recognition – institutional discourse – discourse analysis – contextual cues – base/superstructure – value and meaning – acceptability – imaginary associations – Althusserian principles – scientific history – analogy
3 Noam Chomsky (1928–)
Problem of meaning – linguistic idealism – generative grammar – competence and performance – sentential transformations – universal grammar – Port-Royal logic – propaganda model of meaning – linguistic value – pre-Saussurian ideology – state discourse – Saussurian double structure – transcoding – formatives – state apparatus – dogma of meaning
4 John Searle (1932–)
Philosophy of language – spontaneous ideology – reading codes – contextual rules – ideology of context – illocutionary acts – context-utterance relation – expressibility – brute/institutional facts – intentionality – social reality – performative utterances – the Background – speaker position – structural elements – social commitment – tied information.
5 B.F. Skinner (1904–1990)
S-O-R model – illusion of spontaneous subjectivity – indwelling agents – Munchausen effect – introspection – verbal behavior – operant conditioning – discursive contingencies – colloquial communication – verbal faculty – social control – forms of reinforcement – inner man – technology of behavior – autonomous subjection – subject of speech
6 J.L. Austin (1911–1960)
Subjective self-evidence – predictable speech – speech situations – conventional mis/recognition – verbal contexts – performative assumptions – meaningless speech – ideologies of agency – responsible subject – plea for excuses – imaginary associations – ideology of ordinary language – institutionalized speech acts – rituals of performativity – performative success – ideological speech activity
7 Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)
Mental automatism – repetition automatism – letter of meaning – automatic ideation – discursive automatism – subject of enunciation – site of speech – ideological automaticity – symbolic order – derealization – transference – structures of identification – psychogenic interpretations – the echo – ideo-verbal subjection – symbolic agencies
8 Roland Barthes (1915–1980)
Pre-Saussurian regression – mythical systems – discursive discrepancies – mythemes – meaning and myth – muthos – novel mythology – accepted stories – politics and myth – noble lie – rhetoric – mythological beliefs – personal agency – mythological freedom – rhetoric of freedom – myths of subjectivity – rhetorical practice – meaningful narratives
9 Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
Philosophy as ideology – meaningless nonsense – propositional logic – Saussurian principles – useless signs – ideological practice – everyday language – non-subjective theory of language – mechanical protocols – misunderstood meaning – unconscious subjection – meaning as use – socially accepted signs – ideological problems – language games – linguistic behavior
10 Zellig Harris (1909–1992)
Non-subjective theory of language – meaning as frequency – institutional ideologies – ideology of meaning – distribution – recurring sequences – normative social conditions – architecture of meaning – social sub-systems – distributed meaning effects – forms of language – ideological basis of ordinary language – language and situation
11 Roman Jakobson (1909–1992)
Meaningful ideology – sound and meaning – phonemes – semantic effects – code recognition – double structure – Saussure’s break – shifters – subject positions – imaginary representation – discourse structure – subject as shifter – preconstructed social relations – self-subjection – ordinary language – literal subjection – literary discourses
12 Jacques Derrida (1930–2004)
Semantic deconstruction – Saussurian break – illusory forms of control – metaphysics of meaning – ideology and belief – ideological superstructure – phonocentric discourse – subjective interiority – textual transparency – meaning and soliloquy – symbolic linearity – psychographism – repression – ideological structure of subjectivity – logic of the supplement
13 Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975)
Author function – individualistic subjectivism – normative inculcation – transverse discourse – semantic and metonymic dominance – identificatory obviousness – official/unofficial ideology – illusion of subjectivity – social psychology – hierarchies of discourse – addressivity and answerability – relative autonomy of meaning – social science as ideology
14 Jürgen Habermas (1929–)
Universal pragmatics – observation and understanding – critical theory of subjection – background consensus – normative structures – subject positions – spirit of capitalism – socially situated speech – legitimate rule – ideological subjection – non-coercive coercion – liberal state – state apparatus – legitimation problem – psychoanalysis and self-reflection – unconscious ideology – consensus and meaning
15 Émile Benveniste (1902–1976)
Self-generating subjectivity – materialist theory of discourse – symbolic interaction – linguistic immediacy – ideological conditions of enunciation – individual agency – psychological subjectivity – structures of verbal interaction – non-subjective theory of language – epistemological rupture – social domination – state authority – symbolic control – institutional materiality – subjectivity and speech
16 Michel Foucault (1926–1984)
Discourse analysis – non-subjective theory of subjectivity – discursive formations – language and ideology – linguistic base – disciplines – archaeology of knowledge – modern soul – objective conditions of discursive practice – institutional materiality – accepted forms of subjection – ideology of freedom – writing systems – epistemic panopticon – disciplinary norms – Munchausen effect
Conclusion
References
Index
