List of Tables and Figures
Introduction
1 What Happened? Essential Elements of Fascism
1 Extreme Conservatism
1.1 Fascism as Conservative Totalitarianism
1.2 Fascism as the Destination of Conservatism
2 Extreme Anti-liberalism
2.1 Fascism, Conservatism, and Liberalism
2.2 Fascism versus Liberalism
3 Extreme Anti-democracy
4 Extreme Anti-secularism
5 Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism
6 Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism
7 Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination
8 Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror
9 Extreme Militarism, Offensive War, and Conquest
10 Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarians Agents
2 How Did It Happen? Syndromes of Fascism
1 It Happens Here and Now: Fascism’s Return
2 Syndrome 1: Fascism as Extreme Conservatism and Conservatism as Latent Fascism
3 Syndrome 2: Fascism as Extreme Anti-liberalism
4 Syndrome 3: Fascism as Extreme Anti-democracy
5 Syndrome 4: Fascism as Extreme Anti-secularism
6 Syndrome 5: Fascism as Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism
7 Syndrome 6: Fascism as Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism
8 Syndrome 7: Fascism as Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination
9 Syndrome 8: Fascism as Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror
10 Syndrome 9: Fascism as Extreme Militarism, War, and Conquest
11 Syndrome 10: Fascism as an Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarian Agents
3 Why Did it Happen? Social Causes of Fascism
1 Societal Causation of Fascism
2 Conservatism as the Cause of Fascism
3 Capitalism as the Cause of Fascism
4 Religion as the Cause of Fascism
5 Theocracy as the Cause of Fascism
4 What Does Oppose It? Countervailing Social Forces to Fascism
1 Counter-Fascist Social Forces
2 Liberalism versus Fascism
3 Democracy versus Fascism
4 Secularism versus Fascism
5 Rationalism and Progressivism versus Fascism
6 Egalitarianism, Universalism, and Cosmopolitanism versus Fascism
7 Pacifism versus Fascism
8 Liberal Actors versus Fascism in America
5 Index of Fascism
1 A Composite Index of Fascism
2 Indicators and Proxies of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism
2.1 Political Indicators and Proxies
2.2 Cultural Indicators and Proxies
2.3 Economic Indicators and Proxies
2.4 Civil-Society Indicators and Proxies
2.5 Summary
2.5.1 Political Indicators
2.5.2 Cultural Indicators
2.5.3 Economic Indicators
2.5.4 Civil-Society Indicators
3 Indexes of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism for oecd Countries
4 Appendix
Conclusion
References
Index
